OMG! Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? New knowledge then . Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. We call these facts, but they are facts only within the system that allows them to be seen as such. Answer (1 of 25): A value judgment must be based on knowledge, belief, or assumption (assumption as in a generalization). Nietzsche/Darwin: Part IX-B: Education, Ethics/Actions: Contemplative vs. Calculative Thinking. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. Change being negative and positive. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. Modern science is applied technology, not technology as applied science. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. The Latin words reor and ratio represent the sort of orienting and conforming that is a reckoning, a counting on, and this is why the Roman word ratio came to translate the Greek word. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. Every posing of every question takes place within that which is granted to us, our legacy, in its very presence in who and what we think we are. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. They should also be applicable for other dealings with things, the things understood and delimited and defined by the project: from your three images or objects, it should be possible to expand the application of your interpretation to many other images or objects not included in the Exhibition. Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. At some point in the future you will become a member of a knowledge community within the multi-versities that are post-secondary education. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. 24. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. We view material tools as technology, but as our writing on technology demonstrates, while this is a correct understanding of what technology is, it does not get us to the essence of technology: the tools are the outcome of what the essence of technology is and they are brought into being because technology provides the open space for their ability to be. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. isabellas brunch menu . The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. Enjoy!Links & fact checks can be found on www.TOKTalk.org. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. Judgement is the connection between what is stated with that about which a statement is made. Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. I dont understand the link. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. It is this that is the great paradigm shift of human being-in-the-world in the modern age and determines the actions that we choose to take and whom among us is sane or not. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. They are the predications of the subject that we call knowledge. What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability? Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. It is this that we call understanding. 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. 12. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. In responses to the other prompts, the interpretations of the key concepts in those prompts suggest that not only is objectivity possible, it is our way of being-in-the-world, for it is through our perceptions of things that we turn everything into an object; and it is only by being an object that we can begin any discussion of them and, thus, acquire any knowledge of them. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. 13. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. This type of speaking in under great threat in todays world. judgements, and thus sets itself over-against the world as to an object. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. Whether we are speaking of the cherry tree in bloom in the streets or the David that was once hidden in the marble and now stands in Florence, producing knowledge involves a great deal of our time as human beings both in our work and our play. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. There are few who would claim to have knowledge of what is going on in modern arts circles is another example. is. The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). Underlying all this, even natural science with its mathematical calculations from within a frame, is the very idea of a world-picture. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. The ignorance cannot be eliminated with definite bits of knowledge; it cannot be something that provides or produces a definite stock of objective knowledge and provides definite objective ways of knowing things. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. 21. 13. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. Paper: 'Woman's brain, man's brain: feminism and anthropology in late nineteenth-century France' The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? When we say that the objectivity of objects is based upon subjectivity we mean that it is not something confined to a single person and something fortuitous to their individuality and situation and discretion; it is not personal knowledge. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. 12. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? OT 2: Language and Knowledge. In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. If we read the prompt in the light of such expressions as being in the picture, putting oneself in the picture, getting the picture which imply a complete mastery of what the picture is a picture of we see that world-picture essentially means not a picture of the world, but the world conceived as picture from within a framing. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. Second order claims are claims that are made about knowledge, and you will have to deal with these in evaluating the importance of the claims that you will be making. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. If one accepts the premises, one must also accept the conclusions that are drawn from them. It is the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings, which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language and their conception of a thing as a subject with accidents. Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. The a priori and its priority will be interpreted by you in accordance with your conception of the thinghood of the things or images you have chosen and your understanding of the being of beings or things in general. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). When we speak of bias we usually mean that it is the particular leaning one may have in order to bring about a pre-determined outcome, the production or bringing forth of which is determined to be a good end. The difference between one concept of greatness and another is not, however, a quantitative, but also a qualitative difference. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). What is unknowable is as such because it is unnameable. 23. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. It becomes something subjective. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. what counts as good evidence. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. Understanding is prior to interpretation. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. A world-picture is usually associated with science or a science (the mechanistic world-picture, the physicists world-picture, the chemists world-picture, etc. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. To go into this matter here is much too complicated and I, frankly, am not sure that I am capable of it. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. Correctness as free from contradiction and being consistent is called formal truth, not related to the content of beings in distinction from the material truth of content. the book is on the table, etc. The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. Adequate evidence means that the evidence provided is correct. The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. 5. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. (Heidegger, What is a Thing), This is an instance of the general idea that our mode of access to a type of entity, e.g. Adequate is a synonym for sufficient, so evidence is considered adequate when sufficient reasons are provided for the judgements that are made; and when these are provided, they are considered good evidence. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. What does this mean?What you are attempting to do is to render completeness to the reasons that you are giving for those objects/images that you have chosen. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. 27. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. Again, the interpretation of the prompts provided here is an interpretation only and its purpose is to provoke thought on your part as to why you have chosen the images that you have chosen and what these choices provide your audience regarding your understanding of the world. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. Such a definition is correct to a point. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. Finally, you should also include appropriate citations and references. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. This object is a picture of a place that played a pivotal part on the reformism of casteism. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. But while these world-pictures are constructed in dealing with the beings that are involved in those domains, it is technology as the theoretical viewing that dominates how the beings will be inquired about and the manner of questioning regarding their being. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. 14. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it.
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